Link to a screenshot of the discourse in question: https://imgur.com/syJjy8h
These recommendations are very much in step with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), as supported by "American Public Health Association, International Red Cross, Organization of American States, NAACP, Human Rights Watch, National Latino Congreso, and the Global Commission on Drug Policy."
Addiction treatment would indeed be a better use of tax dollars; with less adverse events.
If they could just be honest that would be a big change and help states not have to worry about repercussions for laws they pass.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-newman/obama-says-treating-drug_b_6528174.html (01/22/2015)
[EDIT] I seem to be divided into two accounts here (as a result of having been banned from /r/omaha due to this post). Here's a few more of the points (emphasis added):
• Calling on policymakers at all levels to find ways to reduce the number of people behind bars.
• Supporting efforts in Congress and the U.S. Sentencing Commission to reduce punitive sentencing.
• Supporting policies that made the sentences of thousands of prisoners shorter and fairer.
• Changing how the Justice Department charges people to reduce the application of draconian mandatory minimum sentencing.
• Establishing guidance allowing states to legalize and regulate marijuana with less federal interference.
• Establishing guidance to make it easier for banks to deal with state-legalized marijuana businesses.
• Promoting efforts to re-integrate formerly incarcerated individuals into society and eliminate barriers to successful re-entry.
• Working to end the "school-to-prison pipeline", including working with the Departments of Education to scale back "zero tolerance" school discipline policies.
• Advocating for the restoration of voting rights for the formerly incarcerated.
• Urging federal law enforcement agencies to [...]
I'm against it.
Why?
Because it's morally wrong?
Are alcohol, tobacco, football, or soccer morally wrong?
http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/about/episode-guide/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-newman/obama-says-treating-drug_b_6528174.html
• Calling on policymakers at all levels to find ways to reduce the number of people behind bars.
• Supporting efforts in Congress and the U.S. Sentencing Commission to reduce punitive sentencing.
• Supporting policies that made the sentences of thousands of prisoners shorter and fairer.
• Changing how the Justice Department charges people to reduce the application of draconian mandatory minimum sentencing.
• Establishing guidance allowing states to legalize and regulate marijuana with less federal interference.
• Establishing guidance to make it easier for banks to deal with state-legalized marijuana businesses.
• Promoting efforts to re-integrate formerly incarcerated individuals into society and eliminate barriers to successful re-entry.
• Working to end the "school-to-prison pipeline", including working with the Departments of Education to scale back "zero tolerance" school discipline policies.
• Advocating for the restoration of voting rights for the formerly incarcerated.
• Urging federal law enforcement agencies to [...]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agriculture
See also: "Japan just debuted the world's largest indoor farm using LED lights that emit wavelengths optimal for plant growth; The upshot: grows 2.5x faster than outdoors; reduces produce loss from 50% to just 10% and cuts water usage to just 1%" https://www.reddit.com/r/Futurology/comments/2abx8y/japan_just_debuted_the_worlds_largest_indoor_farm/
They could have had a jug of water and an appropriately maintained fire detection and/or suppression system.
In terms of a conservative interpretation of the Constitution, that is the sentence upon which the CSA is predicated (interstate commerce).
the Tea Party
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Clause
[The Congress shall have Power] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
Call the attorney general's office, 402-471-2683, if you want to voice your concerns (or support) over this issue.
The likelihood of us having anything close to a fair poll for this issue is very low, due to lack of immunity; so, it may also be helpful to contact local representatives and request a ballot referendum.
I personally would love to see this pass, but there is no way that it will. You can go ahead and thank the other 2/3's of the state ahead of time for that.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness#Health_implications (Motivation)
Learned helplessness can contribute to poor health when people neglect diet, exercise, and medical treatment, falsely believing they have no power to change. The more people perceive events as uncontrollable and unpredictable, the more stress they experience,[22] and the less hope they feel about making changes in their lives
Is there a tl:dr somewhere?
Here: https://www.reddit.com/r/Omaha/comments/2t7qgu/lb_643_cannabis_compassion_and_care_act/cnwvub2
From page 29:
10 (2) Nothing in the Cannabis Compassion and Care Act shall be
construed to require:
12 (a) The medical assistance program or a private health insurer to
13 reimburse a person for costs associated with the medical use of cannabis;
+1 for feeling comfortable requesting action for this bill and for people who are suffering as a result of this policy.
I feel that a statewide ballot referendum would be the best way to get a realistic poll.
Over two years, would this be enough to finance the building of more prisons (so that we can continue to have 7x the number of peaceful drug-crime prisoners per capita as Canada)?
I would like to see soon, the federal government lower cannabis off the schedule 1 drug list. To me that is a major sticking point for all that is happening.
+1. One counterexample logically invalidates the proposition that it has no medical benefit. Physicians are trained to evaluate relative harms of alternative treatments.
The American Medical Association pushed for rescheduling in 2009.
Current studies tend to focus on extracted/synthetic THC; because it is extremely difficult to push through the red tape. This is a bit like generalizing the health benefits of eating an orange by studying just Vitamin C. Vitamin C, like water, has adverse effects in excessive doses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C#Adverse_effects
Current studies of cannabis in natural form are limited to a single supplier; which is obstructing research.
It's obvious that it is not addictive and any of the drugs listed below it in schedule 2 and it does have medical uses.
Cannabis is not physically addictive in the same way that alcohol is physically addictive.
Cannabis can be behaviorally addictive, with withdrawal symptoms similar to those experienced by a marathon runner who stops exercising (likely as a result of reduction in endogenous endocannabinoids).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cannabinoidergics
Paracetamol (Acetominophen, APAP, Tylenol) also works with the endocannabinoid system.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol#Adverse_effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol_toxicity#Epidemiology
In the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, paracetamol is the most common cause of drug overdoses.[5][79][80] Additionally, in both the United States and the United Kingdom it is the most common cause of acute liver failure.[1][2]
... http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/SafeUseInitiative/ucm188762.htm#acetaminophen
If they could just be honest that would be a big change and help states not have to worry about repercussions for laws they pass.
Office of National Drug Control Policy: http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/state-laws-related-to-marijuana
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2014-07-15/html/CREC-2014-07-15-pt1-PgH6261-3.htm :
None of the funds made available in this Act may
be used, with respect to the States of Alabama, Alaska,
Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,
Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri,
Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New
York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington, or Wisconsin or the
District of Columbia, to prohibit or penalize a financial
institution from providing financial services to an entity
solely because the entity is a manufacturer, producer, or
person that participates in any business or organized
activity that involves handling marijuana or marijuana
products and engages in such activity pursuant to a law
established by a State or a unit of local government.
I understand.
In my opinion, public health is not a partisan issue.
23 other states have managed to revert this expensive, harmful policy.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/page4
Would it be helpful to support representative democracy by putting this issue to a statewide ballot referendum?
This would enable lawmakers to stop enabling the groups that need this help the most.
Just recently I was super surprised that I got a letter from him telling me the family's destroyed and risk of addiction far out weighs any tax return or medical benefits.
Many legal and illegal drugs are physically addictive. (e.g. SSRI discontinuation syndrome). Many drugs have a physically possible LD50.
Addiction is very real problem.
Cannabis helps with the physical withdrawals of many, many other drugs.
Cannabis was legally prohibited in the United States about two years before WWII.
Regarding addiction: this plan does not mention how taxes could be applied to supporting addiction programs that work for more than 5-10% of people (Chapter Three: Does AA Work?). The status quo does not solve for this problem.
"The Sober Truth: Debunking the Bad Science Behind 12-Step Programs and the Rehab Industry" (2014) http://www.amazon.com/The-Sober-Truth-Debunking-Programs/dp/0807033154
Instead of imposing this upon the 1.9 million people and ~1 million active voters of Nebraska, I feel that it would be helpful to put this (and other medical policy issues) on a ballot, as a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum.
Back then booze and drugs were the medicine.
Back then, we had no idea about:
Yet non-physicians pushed past the primary national group of doctors and enshrined their preferred medical beliefs as legal policy; during wartime.
Cannabis helps many people quit other - far more harmful - addictions; and recover from TBI.
http://veteransformedicalmarijuana.org/node/67
The American Medical Association (AMA) voted today to reverse its long-held position that marijuana be retained as a Schedule I substance with no medical value. The AMA adopted a report drafted by the AMA Council on Science and Public Health (CSAPH) entitled, "Use of Cannabis for Medicinal Purposes," which affirmed the therapeutic benefits of marijuana and called for further research. The CSAPH report concluded that, "short term controlled trials indicate that smoked cannabis reduces neuropathic pain, improves appetite and caloric intake especially in patients with reduced muscle mass, and may relieve spasticity and pain in patients with multiple sclerosis." Furthermore, the report urges that "the Schedule I status of marijuana be reviewed with the goal of facilitating clinical research and development of cannabinoid-based medicines, and alternate delivery methods."
http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/sourcefiles/AMA09policy.pdf (2009)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937
The American Medical Association (AMA) opposed the act because the tax was imposed on physicians prescribing cannabis, retail pharmacists selling cannabis, and medical cannabis cultivation/manufacturing. The AMA proposed that cannabis instead be added to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act.[14] The bill was passed over the last-minute objections of the American Medical Association. Dr. William Creighton Woodward, legislative counsel for the AMA objected to the bill on the grounds that the bill had been prepared in secret without giving proper time to prepare their opposition to the bill.[15] He doubted their claims about marijuana addiction, violence, and overdosage; he further asserted that because the word Marijuana was largely unknown at the time, the medical profession did not realize they were losing cannabis. "Marijuana is not the correct term... Yet the burden of this bill is placed heavily on the doctors and pharmacists of this country."
TLDR
(a) Cancer, glaucoma, positive status for human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, hepatitis C, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Crohn's disease, agitation of Alzheimer's disease, nail patella, or the treatment of these conditions;
(b) A chronic or debilitating disease or medical condition or its treatment that produces one or more of the following: Cachexia or wasting syndrome; severe pain; severe nausea; or seizures, including, but not limited to, those characteristic of epilepsy or severe and persistent muscle spasms, including, but not limited to, those characteristic of multiple sclerosis; or
(c) Any other medical condition or its treatment approved by the department [ ... TBD by the compassion board ]
Not addressed in the bill text:
Why do the news media continue to insist on referring to cannabis as 'marijuana' and 'pot'?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_cannabis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_(word)
"Marihuana"'s currency in American English increased dramatically in the 1930s, when it was preferred as an exotic-sounding alternative name during the debates of the drug's use.[1] It has been suggested that it was promoted by opponents of the drug, who wanted to stigmatize it with a "foreign-sounding name".[2]
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pot#Etymology_2
Possibly a shortened form of Mexican Spanish potiguaya (“marijuana leaves”) or potaguaya (“cannabis leaves”) or potación de guaya (literally “drink of grief”), supposedly denoting a drink of wine or brandy in which marijuana buds were steeped.
Obviously there are tons of intricacies in the political process, but that's the general gist.
Thank you for clarifying!
ImageNet 2014 Accuracy:
Google Deep Learning: 93.4%
Human: 94.9%
I have no affiliation with Wikipedia; though I do find it useful to link to (label) Wikipedia pages in Reddit comments; and elsewhere.
Sort of a conceptual https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named-entity_recognition
The drawback is that it makes you totally content with everything. Which is a good thing and a bad thing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(making_excuses)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic#Cannabidiol
Too much "being content", and you lose your drive to improve, create, challenge yourself, etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-discrepancy_theory
There are many theories of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation
If you can use it as a reward mechanism. Like a way to relax after accomplishing your regular goals, then it's fantastic, but really it just comes down to how disciplined of a person you are.
I think it's relevant to distinguish between recreational (anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), relaxant) and medical use (anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, ...).
There may be a link between high blood pressure and PTSD ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation ); which could explain some of the confounding.
A general feeling of complacency that may rob you of ambition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse -> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness#Health_implications
"vaccines cause autism" was just made up and the guy who made it up should have gone to prison.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction#Retraction_in_science
Conclusions: We confirmed our hypothesis that boys who undergo ritual circumcision may run a greater risk of developing ASD. This finding, and the unexpected observation of an increased risk of hyperactivity disorder among circumcised boys in non-Muslim families, need attention, particularly because data limitations most likely rendered our HR estimates conservative. Considering the widespread practice of non-therapeutic circumcision in infancy and childhood around the world, confirmatory studies should be given priority.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation#Circumcision
Considering that marijuana has yet to claim it's first overdose fatality,
It would be great if OpenFDA could collect this data; just like they don't for alcohol.
it is unconscionable to put someone in an expensive intensive care facility when they could just as easily sit it out in the waiting room.
Uncontrollable emesis is a health risk (which would likely be mediated by a balanced level of CBD).
[...] the “vast majority of intensive care admissions were related to ingesting of edible THC products.” [...]
http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/S00-T88/T36-T50/T40-/T40.7X
... http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/opinion/sunday/willie-nelson-feels-maureen-dowd-s-pain.html
Are there more or less alcohol-related admissions in the same period of time?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights.2C_1948
“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights
http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
http://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/introduction.aspx (translations)
There's likely a bit of research about this topic in "PUA" literature.
"Dynamic Social Homostasis and DHV—Demonstrations of Higher Value"
I will respond to myself, despite the downvotes:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_Psychology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine#Adrenaline_junkie
An adrenaline junkie is somebody who appears to be addicted to endogenous epinephrine. The "high" is caused by self-inducing a fight-or-flight response by intentionally engaging in stressful or risky behavior, which causes a release of epinephrine by the adrenal gland. Adrenaline junkies appear to favor stressful activities for the release of epinephrine as a stress response.[103][104] Whether or not the positive response is caused specifically by epinephrine is difficult to determine, as other catecholamines and endorphins are also released during the fight-or-flight response to such activities
Link to PubMed (full text): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226229/
"leads to" is misleading. There is no causal link here. Early onset addictive compulsion -> problems in later life.
Does this study also confuse self-medication in order to reduce symptoms with a causal relation?
What public health approaches to use of this treatment would reduce later diagnosis of psychotic disorders?
Potential confounding factors:
Similar concerns with alternative treatments:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Surgeon General, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommend that aspirin and combination products containing aspirin not be given to children under 19 years of age during episodes of fever-causing illnesses. Hence, in the United States, it is advised that the opinion of a doctor or pharmacist should be obtained before anyone under 19 years of age is given any medication containing aspirin (also known on some medicine labels as acetylsalicylate, salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, ASA, or salicylic acid).
How could this study be more helpful?
Similar studies:
Implications for policy:
"[Request] Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) severity, concussion date/count with magnitude, and change in reaction time" http://www.reddit.com/r/datasets/comments/213kwx/request_traumatic_brain_injury_tbi_severity/
"Do you rely on patient feedback to identify adverse effects or do you present a standard list of adverse effects that cover the medications you prescribe" http://www.reddit.com/r/medicine/comments/2ij2z0/do_you_rely_on_patient_feedback_to_identify/
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/01/05/colorado-marijuana-campaign/21300293// :
The campaign targets teens, tourists, Latinos and even breastfeeding women, who may be unaware that THC, the part of marijuana that gets people high, can cross through the placenta, Wolk said.
...
Interestingly, we also didn't have any idea that leaded gasoline was leading to deviance way back in 1937 [1], when Nylon started competing with hemp ("canvas" comes from "cannabis") and the name was changed to "marijuana" [2][3][4].
There are now two separate arguments for medicinal and for legal, respectively: (1) Cannabis has medical value in natural and prepared forms (THC, CBD, CBG, ...); and adverse effects comparable to or lesser than alternative (competing) treatments. (2) We are free to pursue many irrational behaviors in search of adrenaline.
There is a third argument for hemp, which are non-psychoactive strains of cannabis (that do absorb lots of CO2). Nebraska passed an industrial hemp bill this year (2014). [5]
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clean_Room
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States
NE will never legalize marijuana.
"Drug Abuse Message to the Congress." http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=7908 (August 2, 1977)
Nebraska initially decriminalized January 1, 1979.
Times are changing. We didn't know that CB1 and CB2 receptors (for endogenous cannabinoids) exist naturally in the brain until the 1990s.
"Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results." - Albert Einstein
Taking Control makes seven major recommendations, which can be summarized as follows:
- Put health and community safety first through a fundamental reorientation of policy priorities and resources, from failed punitive enforcement to proven health and social interventions.
- Ensure equitable access to essential medicines, in particular opiate-based medications for pain.
- Stop criminalizing people for drug use and possession – and stop imposing “compulsory treatment” on people whose only offense is drug use or possession.
- Rely on alternatives to incarceration for non-violent, low-level participants in illicit drug markets such as farmers, couriers and others involved in the production, transport and sale of illicit drugs.
- Focus on reducing the power of criminal organizations as well as the violence and insecurity that result from their competition with both one another and the state.
- Allow and encourage diverse experiments in legally regulating markets in currently illicit drugs, beginning with but not limited to cannabis, coca leaf and certain novel psychoactive substances.
- Take advantage of the opportunity presented by the upcoming UNGASS in 2016 to reform the global drug policy regime. Commission Members
http://www.hightimes.com/read/congress-effectively-ends-federal-ban-medical-marijuana
In the depths of the 1,603-page document is a provision that prohibits federal agents from raiding retail medical cannabis operations in states that have legalized medical cannabis.
[...] Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin [...]
http://www.hightimes.com/read/congress-effectively-ends-federal-ban-medical-marijuana
In the depths of the 1,603-page document is a provision that prohibits federal agents from raiding retail medical cannabis operations in states that have legalized medical cannabis.
[...] Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin [...]
Vote for referendum!
Ibuprofen
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682159.html#overdose
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682159.html#side-effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen#Adverse_effects
Tylenol / Acetaminophen / APAP / Paracetamol
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a681004.html#overdose
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a681004.html#side-effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol#Adverse_effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol_toxicity
Naproxen / Aleve
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a681029.html#overdose
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a681029.html#side-effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleve#Adverse_effects
Aspirin
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682878.html#overdose
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682878.html#side-effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin#Adverse_effects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin_poisoning
Prescription Painkillers
Prohibition works like a charm
http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/about/episode-guide/
In addition to modeling prosthetics, are there other potential medical applications for this technology?
Linked Data Platform: http://www.w3.org/TR/ldp/
http://www.w3.org/2012/ldp/charter :
The mission of the Linked Data Platform (LDP) Working Group is to produce a W3C Recommendation for HTTP-based (RESTful) application integration patterns using read/write Linked Data. This work will benefit both small-scale in-browser applications (WebApps) and large-scale Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) efforts. It will complement SPARQL and will be compatible with standards for publishing Linked Data, bringing the data integration features of RDF to RESTful, data-oriented software development.
What are the dimensions of the compartment?
This article interprets one study regarding the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex (in the frontal lobe).
hyperconnectivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network#Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology It has been hypothesized to be relevant to disorders including Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia, depression, chronic pain and others.[5] In particular, reduced default network activity has been associated with autism,[11] overactivity with schizophrenia,[12] and the default network is preferentially attacked by the buildup of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease.[13] Lower connectivity was found across the default network in people who have experienced long term trauma, such as childhood abuse. Among people experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder, lower activation was found in the posterior cingulate gyrus compared to controls (Dr. Ruth Lanius, Brain Mapping conference, London, November 2010). Hyperconnectivity of the default network has been linked to rumination in depression[14] and chronic pain.
[emphasis added]
... control for contact sports and use of other https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory treatments?
Less scar tissue?
Is this smoked, vaporized, or taken in edible form?
I guess a better way of putting it, CO (Carbon Monoxide) is a toxin found in burning plant matter... did they account for this?
This is a valid question that deserves more attention. Smoking in general causes the orbital frontal cortex to shrink. Perhaps it's not the marijuana itself but the burning plant matter that's causing it to shrink.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide
Does <this study> control for number of bonfires attended? Regional air pollution?
I feel like these Ten Simple Rules apply to all reproducible research.
Do you have a specific objection to a specific rule, or are you just splitting and differentiating?
[...] So the only thing you could do is to publish a patch, but that is close to useless, because it will not apply to all versions of the software, and it's specific to your problem.
Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational Research (PLOS):
[...] if you hope that a scientist spends time understanding how git works, you are going to be heavily disappointed. I fought for years (and lost) just to promote svn (which has a much simpler conceptual model) instead of renaming files with names like method-20041230, method-20041231, method-20041231-almostworking, method-20041230-new, method-20041230-newnew.
Again, reproducibility is not "here is the code". reproducibility means that anyone, armed with enough knowledge of the topic, has all the tools to understand and redo what you did, but it's not a requirement that you make his life easier. [...]
So, if it's an analysis intended to have credibility, how can we be setting the bar so low?
"Here's a great chart for the journal" is not "Here is the data and the code; there is the run button"
"Someone probably could reproduce this, if they made the same errors and omissions as we have, with the same (unblinded) approach to statistical analysis"
Solution: Publish data with permanent URLs, publish purportedly-utilized control protocols (both with a textual description and URIs), and then proceed to parenthetically describe how confirmation bias couldn't have affected: the data gathered, the implementation of controls, and/or the statistical analysis.
That's what happen most of the time, but this is not good enough. We live in the dark ages of numerical science. We are an embarrassment for the future generations.
Wastefully inane self-aggrandizing, because teh Journal.
We've been for the last 50 years, and we will be for much longer. The only field where things are going in a better direction, from my experience, is system biology and bioinformatics, but unfortunately they have the strong tendency to use a completely doomed and unreadable technology: perl.
Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational Research http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1003285
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Bioinformatics_Foundation
http://rosalind.info/ (Python)
That's what the common lore says. In practice I can guarantee you that while the criteria may be satisfied, it's really open to discussion how much effort is needed to achieve that, meaning they may make a method completely well described mathematically, and you are free to reimplement it if you want to reproduce these results, but the code won't be published.
Figshare [1] and Zenodo [2] have recently made it very easy to publish (analysis) source code and receive a DOI for an archived copy of a GitHub (or other) repository.
And even if it's published, if you depend on an engine (say, mathematica) that is not free nor open, what's the point anyway? Any code you may write and make public will most likely not run in 5 years' time. bits rot, knowledge doesn't.
Referees don't reproduce your evaluation. Referees check if you are on topic with the journal, if you are not saying bollocks and if there's enough material in the article to support your claims. Everything else is left to future generations.
and yet people refer to the Zimbardo prison incident as if it was an important experiment.
They asked for volunteers in a newspaper ad.
So basically, not only will they not have made as much as they expected, they won't make anything because they are having to refund what they did make.
My understanding is that the refund is for what remained after expenses.
Taxpayer rebates totaling $167.2 million are mandated by Colorado Taxpayer's Bill of Rights, assuming current law and the September forecast by the Office of State Planning and Budget.
A $30.5 million rebate for new marijuana taxes is coming. Total state marijuana revenue was different than what was projected in the election blue book for 2013's Proposition AA. Because the estimate was off, under TABOR, the state must refund the money being collected or ask voters again to keep it.
Maybe we should reward the last states to change with extra science education investments.
As someone who writes open source code for a living, it terrifies me that it is acceptable in science to base results/papers on code that one doesn't trust enough to let others see. If you can't write readable/maintainable code, you shouldn't trust that code. If your code would throw suspicion on the quality of your research, then maybe your research should be of better quality?!
Let's be clear, if your publication cannot be relatively easily reproduced. It's of poor scientific quality. I'm saying this in the sense of the scientific process. If it's difficult to reproduce. It is difficult to judge its validity and to build upon that research. Therefore a paper provided with all the research materials used to construct it, including well commented code and datasets will always be of higher scientific value AND quality compared to just a paper.
+1. If there's no code and no data, it's neither repeatable nor reproducible; and - in absence of supporting evidence - invalid.
Well there is a problem when enough of the population is incarcerated to sway elections.
This.
I'll be the first to point out that, epidemiologically, cannabis consumers are less overweight than than the population:
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/24/aje.kwr200.abstract
The authors conclude that the prevalence of obesity is lower in cannabis users than in nonusers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist (CBD, ...)
Still though, why don't cannabis smokers have lung cancer at elevated rates?
"Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: Pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium" (International Journal of Cancer) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.29036/abstract
Results from our pooled analyses provide little evidence for an increased risk of lung cancer among habitual or long-term cannabis smokers, although the possibility of potential adverse effect for heavy consumption cannot be excluded.
Funded by
- Cancer Care Ontario
- National Institutes of Health. Grant Numbers: DA 11386, ES011667, CA 90833, CA 09142
- Alper Research funds for Environmental Genomics
- Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute. Grant Number: 020214
- Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Hospital Cancer Charity
- Steps for Breath, the Labrecque Foundation
- Society of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- USPHS. Grant Numbers: P01-CA68384, R01-DE13158
Nguyen, Brian M.; Kim, Dennis; Bricker, Scott; Bongard, Fred; Neville, Angela; Putnam, Brant; Smith, Jennifer; Plurad, David. The American Surgeon, Volume 80, Number 10, October 2014, pp. 979-983(5) http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sesc/tas/2014/00000080/00000010/art00015
A positive THC screen is associated with decreased mortality in adult patients sustaining TBI.
See also: "Approaches to Decriminalizing Drug Use and Possession" https://www.drugpolicy.org/resource/approaches-decriminalizing-drug-use-and-possession (https://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/DPA_Fact_Sheet_Approaches_to_Decriminalization_Feb2014.pdf)
Report: "Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations" http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/keypopulations/en/ (July 2014)
The WHO recommendations are consistent with the long-standing policy objectives and mission of the Drug Policy Alliance, as well as with a surprisingly broad and rapidly-emerging coalition of stakeholders who are calling for drug decriminalization, including the American Public Health Association, International Red Cross, Organization of American States, NAACP, Human Rights Watch, National Latino Congreso, and the Global Commission on Drug Policy.
Kazuo Tsubota, M.D., Yoshiyuki Satake, M.D., Minako Kaido, M.D., Naoshi Shinozaki, M.S., Shigeto Shimmura, M.D., Hiroko Bissen-Miyajima, M.D., and Jun Shimazaki, M.D. (1999) Treatment of Severe Ocular-Surface Disorders with Corneal Epithelial Stem-Cell Transplantation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1697-1703
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199906033402201
Edit
We performed and evaluated 70 transplantations of corneal epithelial stem cells from cadaveric eyes into 43 eyes of 39 patients with severe ocular-surface disorders and limbal dysfunction.
[...]
The epithelial defects eventually healed in all but two of the eyes.
"Sight for sore eyes" (29 May 2009) http://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/sight-sore-eyes
In a world-first breakthrough, University of New South Wales (UNSW) medical researchers have used stem cells cultured on a simple contact lens to restore sight to sufferers of blinding corneal disease.
X-posted from "Stem cell reservoir in the human eye discovered with potential for reversing retinal degeneration" http://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/2i44df/stem_cell_reservoir_in_the_human_eye_discovered/
Chen X, Thomson H, Cooke J, Scott J, Hossain P, et al. (2014) Adult Limbal Neurosphere Cells: A Potential Autologous Cell Resource for Retinal Cell Generation. PLoS ONE 9(10): e108418. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108418 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108418
X-posted from http://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/2i44df/stem_cell_reservoir_in_the_human_eye_discovered/
"Stem cell reservoir in the human eye discovered with potential for reversing retinal degeneration"
Background
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_medicine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy#Blindness_and_vision_impairment
What a festive cornucopia!
I suppose what I'm trying to clarify is: how do we know if we don't seek specific feedback? Are all patients qualified to assess and attribute adverse events? If they're not asked, how likely are they to volunteer?
If you're asking how to handle a patient report of an adverse effect from a medication, pretty much any drug can cause almost any adverse effect.
In the US, MedWatch fields these reports: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/ucm053074.htm
Manufacturers have unclear obligations to disclose.
If you're asking about up front education, I stick to the literature. The minute you tell a patient that you're noticed that Drug Y causes X, you've set yourself up to get a lot of complaints about X.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo
Imagine a treatment for which untold levels of adverse effects are suggested: how would that affect self-reported patient satisfaction?
I also advice patients that if anything seems wrong or different, they should make a phone call, and emphasize the need for communication and self monitoring.
+1
Except that when prescribing a medication or any other intervention you have to give the patient a chance to give informed consent, which means all the risks and benefits a reasonable person would want to evaluate the decision.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent#Elements_of_valid_informed_consent
For an individual to give valid informed consent, three components must be present: disclosure, capacity and voluntariness.
Debatable: What threshold of postulation about potentially correlating factors is necessary or appropriate? (E.g. "cooties may cause hairy palms, according to one study")
As a general rule you should not suggest symptoms to a patient
I strongly disagree.
Why do TV ads list common and uncommon side effects?
I am also permanently dilated in one eye, though I work with computers, which may or may not be any less bad for us.
Here's a bit of research on how blue light affects sleep:
Regular / followup visits in general an specialized practice
Keeping in mind that:
Is English your first language?
Are you allowed to see patients?
Yes.
Do you find that condescension is helpful in your practice?
we
You sell competing products and fail to disclose conflicting interests.
How are ethanol or NSAIDS OTC alternatives for glaucoma treatment?
Ethanol and NSAIDS are common self-medications which are used to treat the adverse effects of prescribed treatments. It is called 'complementary' treatment.
None of them are from glaucoma eyedrops either.
Most of them are from prescription painkillers, which likely aren't a part of your practice.
It's really not. Lowered perfusion pressure directly leads to ganglion cell death. Having a disease doesn't mean you automatically understand it. I feel you've done some research online, but have missed very key points in understanding what the condition is at it's core.
No, the ultimate problem -- for the patient -- is visual field loss and blindness; which is socially debilitating.
TL;DR - Use your drops. Smoke if you want, but it isn't helping your glaucoma,
I encourage you to avoid making medical recommendations when you do not have anything close to a complete case history.
and might(need studies) make it worse.
Do you consider statements like that evidence-based medicine?
Verbal abuse, condescension, isolation, theft, and psychological abuse make it worse.
You may have learned about optometric concepts, but your bedside manner is abhorrent.
A biochemical hypothesis:
"Oxytocin in learning and addiction: From early discoveries to the present" http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00913057/119
- Oxytocin attenuates learning & memory processes.
- Addiction is conceptualised as a ‘pathological learning’.
- Oxytocin influences addiction through limbic-forebrain mechanisms.
- Oxytocin may act through attenuation of stress- and learning-related processes.
- Oxytocin may facilitate social interactions to inhibit addiction.
(http://www.reddit.com/r/psychology/comments/20xfv1/addictive_behaviors_such_as_drug_and_alcohol/)
A biochemical hypothesis:
"Oxytocin in learning and addiction: From early discoveries to the present" http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00913057/119
- Oxytocin attenuates learning & memory processes.
- Addiction is conceptualised as a ‘pathological learning’.
- Oxytocin influences addiction through limbic-forebrain mechanisms.
- Oxytocin may act through attenuation of stress- and learning-related processes.
- Oxytocin may facilitate social interactions to inhibit addiction.
(http://www.reddit.com/r/psychology/comments/20xfv1/addictive_behaviors_such_as_drug_and_alcohol/)
Is English your first language?
Are you allowed to see patients?
I'm actually having trouble piecing together your arguments, because your posts don't make any sense in regard to what you reply to.
You could be more clear about what it is that you have personal experience with.
Can you sum up and state your entire position for me?
Unfortunately, I am not able to provide that information to you at this time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_parent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_styles
How/why is helicopter parenting counterproductive?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers#The_fully_functioning_person
Keep in mind that many of these studies are looking at purified or synthetic cannibinoids, and not direct consumption of marijuana.
This is perhaps most troubling. As though a study of Vitamin C generalizes the effect of an orange, or a study of potassium generalizes the effect of a banana.
There are many cannabinoids. CBD mediates the psychoactive effects of THC.
There are not many studies which have evaluated vaporized cannabinoid treatments.
Lots about just THC in the 1970s, and then AIDS.
Cure? I don't see a cure in what you posted.
That's the entire problem with having the condition.
Just treating symptoms expensively, and with side effects like nausea, emesis, itching, and foreign body sensation (as proffered by the manufacturer and cataloged by OpenFDA); which cannabis helps with.
The entire problem with glaucoma is decreased retinal perfusion, of which higher IOP can be contributory. Lowering blood pressure has the same effect as increasing IOP as far as perfusion is concerned!
Now, I will refer you to Wikipedia for the cure:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma
Untreated glaucoma can lead to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which over time can progress to blindness.
"Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: Pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium" (International Journal of Cancer) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.29036/abstract
Results from our pooled analyses provide little evidence for an increased risk of lung cancer among habitual or long-term cannabis smokers, although the possibility of potential adverse effect for heavy consumption cannot be excluded.
Funded by
- Cancer Care Ontario
- National Institutes of Health. Grant Numbers: DA 11386, ES011667, CA 90833, CA 09142
- Alper Research funds for Environmental Genomics
- Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute. Grant Number: 020214
- Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Hospital Cancer Charity
- Steps for Breath, the Labrecque Foundation
- Society of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- USPHS. Grant Numbers: P01-CA68384, R01-DE13158
Actually, it has fallen about 10 years after lead was removed from the petrol in each country/region. This effect had been recorded in many countries, in fact every country that has banned leaded gasoline has seen the same reduction 10 years later. There are a few countries that made ban under 10 years ago and they are being watched to see if they have the same drop in violent crime.
Do you have a few references to these studies?
The carbon in diesel exhaust helps plants grow on highways and streets
Do we offer tax credits for this?
"13th Report on Carcinogens (RoC)" (October 2014)
Water was found in 100% of cancer cells! Ban Water!
+1
No, these links are directly relevant to this medico-legal policy discussion.
Self-reported Satisfaction quotient in headline (medical ethics: autonomy (-> comparative physical / psychological (EDIT: abuse and) dependence) ) -> discussion of adverse events -> treatment category (vasodilators) -> comparison of leading OTC alternatives ... Anandamide.
And? No one is talking about using alcohol to treat glaucoma.
The post in reference is talking about lowering systemic blood pressure. Treatments which dilate the blood vessels (vasodilators like alcohol, sildenafil, and THC (from cannabis)) all have this effect.
Patients have options and autonomy.
... "[Request] Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) severity, concussion date/count with magnitude, and change in reaction time" http://www.reddit.com/r/datasets/comments/213kwx/request_traumatic_brain_injury_tbi_severity/
"Having authoritarian parents increases risk of drug use in adolescents, European study finds" https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/27xp0o/having_authoritarian_parents_increases_risk_of/
The big problem is that lowering IOP is only one part of what the cannabinoids do; they also lower blood pressure. The entire problem with glaucoma is decreased retinal perfusion, of which higher IOP can be contributory. Lowering blood pressure has the same effect as increasing IOP as far as perfusion is concerned!
Ethanol (alcohol) is also a systemic vasodilator: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation
http://www.reddit.com/r/medicine/comments/22q74j/tools_for_comparing_adverse_effect_rates_reported/
Another interesting source is the American Glaucoma Society's position statement on medical marijuana, which is basically that they don't currently recommend it for glaucoma treatments because of short term of action and side effects, but do think it has potential with more research and other delivery mechanisms.
Whatever your position might be on cannabis use, I think we can all agree that it's something that should be reserved for adults only.
While I agree, is it helpful to maintain the stigma (for the sake of the children for whom extracted CBD oils are the least-worst option)?
Is there a level of maturity necessary to avoid labeling a behavior as rebellious?
What environmental conditions, behaviors, and pre-existing conditions did they control for?
Is this a function of the substance, or of labeling?
Here's an (all too familiar) scenario, in sequence:
... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data would've been outstanding.
Sports -> TBI -> Reaction Time
Caffeine is addictive.
The importance of addiction is proportional to the severity of the withdrawal symptoms imo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
Genocide is the systematic destruction of all or a significant part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group via [...]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableism
Ableism (/ˈeɪbəlɪzəm/[1]) is a form of discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities. It may also be referred to as disability discrimination, physicalism, handicapism, and disability oppression.
http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/overdose/facts.html
Most Common Drugs Involved in Overdoses
In 2011, of the 41,340 drug overdose deaths in the United States, 22,810 (55%) were related to pharmaceuticals.1
Of the 22,810 deaths relating to pharmaceutical overdose in 2011, 16,917 (74%) involved opioid analgesics (also called opioid pain relievers or prescription painkillers), and 6,872 (30%) involved benzodiazepines.1 (Some deaths include more than one type of drug.)
"Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self-control on affective well-being and life satisfaction." doi: 10.1111/jopy.12050. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750741
How does this affect the capacity for THC to help with neurogenesis and inflammation (in counteracting the effects of traumatic brain injury and various neurodegenerative diseases)?
Is laughter good for the heart?
"Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999-2010" (2014) doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1898878
... "Policy Impact: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses"
"The Potential Therapeutic Effects of THC on Alzheimer's Disease" DOI: 10.3233/JAD-140093 http://iospress.metapress.com/content/8421pvx80144t354
These sets of data strongly suggest that THC could be a potential therapeutic treatment option for Alzheimer's disease through multiple functions and pathways.
"21 GIFs That Explain Mathematical Concepts" http://www.iflscience.com/brain/math-gifs-will-help-you-understand-these-concepts-better-your-teacher-ever-did
So, 'preconscious' needs and conscious wants?
Are there different brain regions associated with (which anchors for?) each concept / cognitive process / neurodevelopmental pathway?
[EDIT] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusive_thoughts:
three categories: "inappropriate aggressive thoughts, inappropriate sexual thoughts, or blasphemous religious thoughts"
Homer goes to prison for child abuse.
When will this stop being a political issue, and start being a medical issue.
+1
The data released Thursday by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment also appears to show post-legalization pot use among Colorado teens was lower than the national average.
So rebellious!
So counterculture.
Eating junk food in childhood predicts is associated with adult obesity!
What a label!
What a method!
Cannabis is not THC. Carrots are not vitamin A. Vitamin A in excess can kill you. "STUDY SHOWS MAIN INGREDIENT IN CARROTS CAUSES DEATH. Vitamin A may cause bleeding in the lungs, blurry vision, bone pain, breathing difficulty, changes in immune function, chronic inflammation of the liver, cirrhosis (scarring of liver), cough, cracked fingernails, cracked lips, death, decreased thyroid function, depression, diarrhea, feeling of fullness, fever, fluid around heart, hair loss, high cholesterol, increased pressure in the brain, increased risk of HIV transmission (through breastfeeding), increased risk of lung cancer, increased risk of heart disease, increased white blood cells, indigestion, inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis), injection site pain, irritability, joint pain, mouth ulcers, muscle pain, psoriasis flare-ups, pain, perisinusoidal fibrosis (in the liver), redness (from skin use), respiratory infection, seizure, skin irritation, sore eyes, steatosis (fatty change), stomach and intestine adverse effects, and suicidal thoughts.
+1. AFAIK, there is no OpenFDA data for carrots.
(x-posted as scientific truth from http://www.reddit.com/r/psychology/comments/2auo1n/how_cannabis_causes_paranoia_using_the/)
A few topical assertions and an inappropriate conclusion:
How Cannabis Causes Paranoia: Using the Intravenous Administration of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to Identify Key Cognitive Mechanisms Leading to Paranoia
It's interesting that the word "cause" is used in the same sentence as "cognitive mechanisms", yet there are no neural pathway activations measured in this study.
Second, cannabis was used as a probe to identify the key cognitive mechanisms causing paranoid fears.
[...]
The principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis is ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid#Tetrahydrocannabinol :
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component of the Cannabis plant. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, THC) and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), mimic the action of anandamide, a neurotransmitter produced naturally in the body. These two THCs produce the effects associated with cannabis by binding to the CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the brain. THC appears to ease moderate pain (analgesic) and to be neuroprotective. Studies show THC reduces neuroinflammation and stimulates neurogenesis.[12][13][14] THC has approximately equal affinity for the CB1 and CB2 receptors.[15]
To suggest that a study on intravenous injection of THC is generalizable to the effects of cannabis is extremely unfounded; it's like saying "this study on injection of Vitamin C in captive subjects generalizes the costs and benefits of citrus fruits".
I suppose that, as a patient, the rational thing to do would be to discontinue use if the adverse effects are intolerable. Contrast this with many psychoactive medications, which should be gradually discontinued to avoid significantly more distressing adverse effects.
As a policy-maker, this is one adverse effect in one class of people.
Common knowledge seems to be that low THC, high CBD strains are preferred by people with predilection to anxiety and/or paranoia.
As -- before the MyDX -- cannabinoid and pesticide testing capabilities have been limited to labs used for punitive purposes, it may be wise to consider that different strains express different concentrations of THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids (like CBN, which is reportedly responsible for the couch-lock that may also mediate this effect of THC for some people).
Study shows how cannabis may increase paranoia in people already prone to paranoia.
However, for the majority of users, increased self-consciousness is a more appropriate term than paranoia. In vulnerable people this can manifest negatively as paranoia.
"Too safety- and security-focused."
"Uncomfortably self-aware."
For most users negative feelings are likely linked to fear of getting caught, rather than the drug's action.
Sitting in a coffee shop in Amsterdam induced none of the paranoia I felt smoking in nyc.
Same. Legal anxiety.
I can't imagine volunteering to be injected with a mystery substance, in a lab, after having been asked priming questions about susceptibility to paranoia / anxiety.
It would be interesting if they repeated the study above on people without paranoid ideation to see if paranoia is induced as well.
It would be interesting to see what amount of CBD counteracts this (clearly intolerable) adverse effect.
Based on my anecdotal experience I believe the paranoia, for those excluded from this study, is a product of the drug being illegal.
I agree. This study does not control for regional variation in policy.
Are you attempting to discredit yourself, the cause of people who are suffering, or the cause of people who are seeking healthy recreation?
So lets say you know a guy who grows. He will sell you a pound for lets just say $1,000 cause you are bros (that is pretty damn cheap BTW). A pound is 16 oz, which is also 128 8ths. If you sold an 8th undercutting retail by 20% for $24. Total Revenue would be $3072 which would be a Gross Margin of 207%. Usually the profit would have to out weigh the risk, turning all these 8ths is a lot of work and this is not including the 'bulk discount'. In other states medical rates go for up to an exceeding $60/8th.
Margins for legal shops would have to take into account taxes an overhead. Running a retail operation isn't cheap but there is little to no risk involved. Say they get the same rate from a partner grower. $1000/lb. Not sure of current tax rates, but I know they are high, lets say 40%. They would actually be selling 8ths for $15-$16 retail, add taxes that's $30 8th. Overhead (rent, payroll, local taxes, business tax, etc) is another beast that really eats into profits, typically for a retail outfit overhead is upwards of 50% of profits. So lets say to turn a lb of herb it'd cost $2536 ((.5*$3072)+$1000) cost of goods and overhead. That would be a gross margin of 154%ish.
Thanks! Would make a great /r/ipython notebook.
The liabilities for legal shops are probably a bit different.
Arapahoe House, a Denver detox facility, said 15% of their patients arrested for driving under the influence were driving under the influence of marijuana, up from 8% in the same time period in 2013, according to data released Wednesday
What are the actual counts of DUI for alcohol / marijuana / other?
Have alcohol DUI counts admitted at this particular facility increased or decreased in the same period of time?
PDF: http://parenting2pt0.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/lifeskillsreportcard.pdf
1-5 + Notes
Personal Care
- Sleep
- Food & water
- Exercise
- Spirit
- Appearance
- Safety
Organizational
- Clothes
- School
- Sports
- Other
- Time utilization
- General schedule
Respect for self and others
- Manners
- Bedroom and household maintenance
- Household rules
- Property of self and others
- Transition times
- Finances
Communication
- Use of "I" statements
- Proactive/assertive
- Creative/Humor
- Solution oriented
- Listening/Feedback
- Appropriate Vocabulary
Social
- Avoids being critical/focuses on positives
- Takes ownership in problems and conflicts
- Shoots for win/win outcomes
- Shares/Altruism
- Enjoys variety of activities
- Environmentally conscious
Does this study control for participation in sports and traumatic brain injury?
[EDIT] The abstract does not seem to mention which survey variables were controlled for.
Sativa: high THC, low or no CBD
Indica: moderate THC, high CBD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Marijuana_vaporizers
The aromatic terpenoids begin to vaporize at 126.0 °C (258.8 °F), but the more bio-active tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) do not vaporize until near their respective boiling points: THC 157 °C (315 °F), CBD 160–180°C (320°F-356°F), and CBN 185 °C (365 °F).
(emphasis added)
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/mydx can test for THC, THCV, CBD, CBN, CBC, and CBL (in addition to measuring the AQI (Air Quality Index) and for pesticides in produce).
The carbon in diesel exhaust helps plants grow on highways and streets
Similar and contrasting themes, motifs, and imagery.
sea : land
living, dying, accompaniment
TIL legacy roadsides are still contaminated with TEL lead; which is toxic (-200, 1925, 1965), strongly linked with delinquency and violence, and (due to modern science) was phased out between 1976 and 1986.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Complications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead#History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clean_Room (seventh episode of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey)
How could studies control for these variables?
What solutions could consensus be built around?
Your submission has been removed as it does not include references to new, peer-reviewed research. Please feel free to post it in our sister subreddit /r/EverythingScience.
http://sites.gse.harvard.edu/making-caring-common/resources-publications/research-report
This report is based in part on a survey of 10,000 middle and high-schools students from 33 schools representing diverse youth from across the nation, and on hundreds of conversations with and observations of youth, parents, and teachers over the last 10 years.
[...]
Copyright 2014. The President and Fellows of Harvard College
What is the test? A PDF and comments?
I see plenty of uncensored submissions here with no externally hosted comments.
Would you be more confident if this report were hosted by PLoS?
So, suffering (funding, inferiority), misinformation, and death?
Helpful, simple framework for analysis, if a bit outdated: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs
... Healthcare bills / systemic healthcare failure.
"Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: Pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium" (International Journal of Cancer) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.29036/abstract
Results from our pooled analyses provide little evidence for an increased risk of lung cancer among habitual or long-term cannabis smokers, although the possibility of potential adverse effect for heavy consumption cannot be excluded.
Funded by
- Cancer Care Ontario
- National Institutes of Health. Grant Numbers: DA 11386, ES011667, CA 90833, CA 09142
- Alper Research funds for Environmental Genomics
- Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute. Grant Number: 020214
- Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Hospital Cancer Charity
- Steps for Breath, the Labrecque Foundation
- Society of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- USPHS. Grant Numbers: P01-CA68384, R01-DE13158
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide#Safety_and_pollution_considerations
Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant.
http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/new-nasa-images-highlight-us-air-quality-improvement/index.html
In fact, about 142 million people still lived in areas in the United States with unhealthy levels of air pollution, according to the EPA. Also, high levels of air pollution remain an issue in many other parts of the world, according to the global view from satellites.
How can studies control for these variables?
"The Children We Mean to Raise: The Real Messages Adults are Sending About Values" http://sites.gse.harvard.edu/making-caring-common/resources-publications/research-report
Removed as it is more than 6 months old
Ah.
You'd be surprised how many downvotes I just got on unrelated comments.
History of jazz music would be a great one.
As an aside: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-valued_logic (Three-valued logic: True, False, Unknown)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)
Splitting (also called all-or-nothing thinking) is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together both positive and negative qualities of the self and others into a cohesive, realistic whole. It is a common defense mechanism used by many people. The individual tends to think in extremes (i.e., an individual's actions and motivations are all good or all bad with no middle ground.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealization_and_devaluation
In psychoanalytic theory, when an individual is unable to integrate difficult feelings, specific defenses are mobilized to overcome what the individual perceives as an unbearable situation. The defense that helps in this process is called splitting. Splitting is the tendency to view events or people as either all bad or all good. When viewing people as all good, the individual is said to be using the defense mechanism idealization: a mental mechanism in which the person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others. When viewing people as all bad, the individual employs devaluation: attributing exaggeratedly negative qualities to the self or others.
... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_mechanisms#Level_2:_Immature
I recently heard of several stories about people from Canada who were denied access into the US because they had been diagnosed with depression! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights.2C_1948
"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#See_also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities#Core_Provisions
[EDIT] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_human_rights_institutions#National_human_rights_institutions
I don't know about the implications about this... people with depression and other mental illnesses already face stigma and fear, I don't think it's a good idea to now start saying that we should fear them and stigmatize them even more because their medication is associated with violence in some way.
I am in complete and total agreement.
I recently heard of several stories about people from Canada who were denied access into the US because they had been diagnosed with depression!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights.2C_1948
"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.”
.
I'm glad to see lots of disclaimers in the comments, but I'm afraid the media won't pick up on the whole correlation/causation thing and just blow this out of proportion.
http://www.reddit.com/r/statistics/comments/21rh2a/which_suspect_phrases_disqualify_a_journalistic/
http://www.reddit.com/r/datasets/comments/21ad7i/services_use_dataset_among_individuals_with/
Please note, this doesn't prove anything, and only shows there is an association.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence
...
As far as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_controls , this is not a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial or a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial .
There is no way of telling whether it is the medications or just the fact that people with mental disorders who are taking these drugs may be more prone to violence and violent outbursts.
All they showed was people on these medications have a higher chance of committing violence than the 'normal' population.
Arguably, this study indicates that reports of violence ("adverse events") are most commonly attributed to these 31 prescription drugs. Alcohol is notably absent, as it is not considered to be within a prescription drug category.
Awesome! Thanks!
How do you study something like this separately from the underlying condition? For example, maybe quitting smoking is associated with violence towards others, and maybe that's why it seems like drugs used for that are associated with violence.
It is certainly possible that quitting smoking is a/the confounding factor, compared to other smoking cessation treatments as controls:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a606024.html#side-effects (see "Important Warning")
Apparently, tobacco contains a "relatively weak" MAOI.
With depression it may be a bit more complicated, with the combination (and not depression or the drug alone) leading to violence.
Even further up, root causes may be coping strategies and defense mechanisms:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_mechanisms#Level_4:_Mature
Basically, some say depression is anger turned inwards, and maybe drugs can turn that outward and increase motivation to act it out.
From http://www.reddit.com/r/statistics/comments/1yib2g/help_with_statistical_validity_and_correlation/ :
[...]
The study is particularly interesting when looked at in conjunction with author Dr. Daniel I. Rees’ May 2013 study, published by the University of Chicago Press, which concluded that traffic fatalities decrease between eight and 11 percent in states where marijuana is legal, the first year after legalization.” It also stated that total beer consumption dropped five percent post-legalization and that traffic fatalities in which at least one driver had a positive blood alcohol content level lessened by 13.2 percent.
... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation#Other_mechanisms_of_vasodilation
I think the best we can do to cut down drug use is honest education and harm reduction.
A focus on costs and benefits in regards to treating symptoms of, preventing, and curing injury, illness, disease, and disability
You can't arrest your way out of unhappy people looking to escape. That only makes an at risk population even more at risk. We need to look into why people do drugs and fix that.
A public health problem for which our current strategies do not appear to be showing an impact
Drug use is a symptom of other problems and it's not a crime to seek relief.
Self-medication indicates desire to seek relief from suffering.
Doctors are trained to evaluate risks and rewards of various treatment alternatives.
It is a crime to take undue risks with medicines labelled with "do not operate heavy machinery", as other people could be victims. (... sports and TBI risk/liability/effect on reaction time)
I'll post sources, or more of my paper if people are interested.
Please do.
"β-Amyloid Inhibits E-S Potentiation through Suppression of Cannabinoid Receptor 1-Dependent Synaptic Disinhibition"
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273%2814%2900354-7
Also interesting:
"Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the ‘runner’s high’" http://m.jeb.biologists.org/content/215/8/1331.abstract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease
It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him.
Does this analysis list the variables controlled for? Diet? Caffeine? Pollution? Depression? Exercise?
Their study involved 2,249 men from 14 fertility centers around the country who were surveyed about their health conditions and use of mind altering substances. They found their sperm size and shape was smaller in summer seasons compared to the sperms produced by men who withheld sexual activity for more than six days.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias
Is there a strong correlation to anxiety, as well?
Does this meta-analysis list the variables controlled for by each study? Diet? Pollution? Depression? Exercise?
"Small animal PET imaging of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in a rodent model for anorexia nervosa" European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging February 2014, Volume 41, Issue 2, pp 308-321
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sink
TIL plants are mostly made of CO2 from air.
How do you feel about the health costs and benefits of grapefruit juice? SSRIs? MAOIs?
I agree that packaging and labeling are helpful in regards to public education; but there's certainly no shortage of fear-based grossly disproportionate focus on risks.
Compare public perception with the only recently released OpenFDA adverse effects data.
Edit: current policy is based upon selectively-admitted anecdotal reports which surely confound other preexisting factors (that have been used to 'veto' multiple commissioned independent reports).
If we're admitting 'subjective', biased, and 'anecdotal reports'; then we should be admitting all anecdotal reports.
The article clarifies that the $19 million total is only for recreational sales in March.
Please pass this and reduce suffering, anxiety, and suicides.
Norml, ASA Americans for safe access, MPP Marijuana Policy Project, DPA Drug Policy Alliance, and a few others have petitions going. Please help and sign as many of them as possible. I would post the links but I think that might be against the rules. I could be wrong but either way they're easy to find.
What rules would that be against?
Why do you think that is?
PLEASE CHANGE THE SCHEDULE.
Is there a link to the actual (questionnaire) study in this article?
"Why shouldn't I be able to [<verb> <extreme sport>]?"
- Traumatic Brain Injury Affects Driver Reaction Time
- Sports cause Traumatic Brain Injury
There is neither a fine nor a threat of incarceration or asset forfeiture for playing sports [ without a helmet ].
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury
http://www.msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/Cognitive-Problems-After-Traumatic-Brain-Injury
- Attention and concentration
- Processing and understanding information [emphasis added]
- Memory
- Communication
- Planning, organizing, and assembling
- Reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and judgment
- Controlling impulses and desires and being patient
[EDIT] Where is the distinction between due diligence and nocebo / placebo effect?
I am looking for a web application service to generate comparative analyses of various treatment alternatives.
Sort of like OpenComparison, but with OpenFDA data. [1]
It sounds like the OpenFDA data will be a giant leap forward; but where can I find "prescription rates" (how often a particular treatment / therapy is provided)?
Is it still the case that we are operating with textual summations of lists of adverse effects?
In terms of personalized medicine, what type of factor analysis could determine root cause for why occurrence rates are what they are?
For starters studies are showing fat shaming actually leads to increased risk of gaining more weight.
Right but doesn't that apply to other addicts as well?
If we can view substance use/abuse/addiction as maladaptive coping mechanisms which reduce (or, in a few cases, prevent) the symptoms of physical and psychological trauma, no, verbal abuse isn't going to help addicts (people who have become physically and/or psychologically addicted to a substance and an accepting lifestyle).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_abuse
Even when done 'correctly', operant conditioning can be counter-productive:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness#Motivation [EDIT: Clarified Motivation as a Health Effect]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_traumatization
One interesting question to ask someone in substance abuse counseling is "what data can you point to which supports this approach"?
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychology)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology
"Why shouldn't I be able to [<verb> <extreme sport>]?"
There is neither a fine nor a threat of incarceration or asset forfeiture for playing sports [ without a helmet ].
Is is possible that the shaming and/or caring responses are reinforcing the behavior?
Of people who have ever drunk water in their lives, it is very likely that they have also drunk coffee.
Therefore, water is a gateway to coffee.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_Marihuana_and_Drug_Abuse :
The Commission's report acknowledged that, decades earlier, “the absence of adequate understanding of the effects of the drug” combined with “lurid accounts of [largely unsubstantiated] ‘marijuana atrocities” greatly affected public opinion and labeled the stereotypical user as “physically aggressive, lacking in self-control, irresponsible, mentally ill and, perhaps most alarming, criminally inclined and dangerous.” However, the Commission found that the drug typically inhibited aggression “by pacifying the user… and generally produc[ed] states of drowsiness, lethargy, timidity and passivity.”
After the Commission's widespread study and analysis, it concluded that "Looking only at the effects on the individual, there, is little proven danger of physical or psychological harm from the experimental or intermittent use of the natural preparations of cannabis."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States
When doctors withhold dietary treatment options from cardiac patients, they are violating the cornerstone of medical ethics, informed consent.
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/fully-consensual-heart-disease-treatment/
So, diet and exercise? Lots of fish and vegetables?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethics#Values_in_medical_ethics :
- Respect for autonomy - the patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment. (Voluntas aegroti suprema lex.)
- Beneficence - a practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient. (Salus aegroti suprema lex.)
- Non-maleficence - "first, do no harm" (primum non nocere).
- Justice - concerns the distribution of scarce health resources, and the decision of who gets what treatment (fairness and equality).
No. You're not reading the table properly. The category "Cardiovascular Diseases" INCLUDES both ischemic heart disease and stroke. The total for all the figures in the table adds up to far more than 100 percent.
The actual percent for ALL forms of cardiovascular disease is 29 percent.
What a helpful retraction! Thanks!
I'm not sure I fully understand your question, but I see a lot of cases where the language is very suggestive of a causal relationship but couched in CYA language to allow for the possibility that it doesn't
Add:
- "may cause"
- "more likely to"
- "potential relationship"
- "may be at a higher risk for"
It may be a bit cynical, in records to rudimentary word-counting and sentiment analysis.
The primary issue, I think, lies in the logical fallacies of journalistic interpretation of correlative studies.
For example, consider the following fallacies:
I guess we should hope that their aim is not to commit Psychological Manipulation; but how could we possibly have such extensive groupthink misconceptions?
...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies#Informal_fallacies
Is it imperative that we stop repeating correlational studies as causative models?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis#General_principles_of_root_cause_analysis
Haven't read the article, but maybe it diminishes /all/ action, just /including/ violent crime. Like Bill Hicks said, "Wouldn't it have been great if Hitler had sat in his basement smoking weed?"
Yup. I think this the most likely scenario.
Do you have any data to support that position?
"Results did not indicate a crime exacerbating effect of MML on any of the Part I offenses. Alternatively, state MML may be correlated with a reduction in homicide and assault rates, net of other covariates."
.
It seems the over all conclusion is that its all inconclusive. It "could" to be a gateway drug, but "might" reduce violence because the Marijuana may used rather than alcohol. Am I understanding this correctly? Please help.
This study disproves a hypothesis that Medical Marijuana could/would increase crime rates. The authors suggest that there may also be a significant reduction in homicide and assault rates.
By the "gateway drug" hypothesis, water, coffee, and alcohol are gateway drugs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder (Mental Illness)
http://www.mentalhealth.gov/ (Health and Human Services)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ (National Institute of Mental Health)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/index.shtml
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/science-news-about-statistics.shtml
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/science-news-about-mental-health-services-research.shtml
http://catalog.data.gov/dataset?q=mental+health
http://healthdata.gov/dataset/search/mental%20health
"Summary of evidence-based guideline: Complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis" http://www.neurology.org/content/82/12/1083.full
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system
"Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the ‘runner’s high’" http://m.jeb.biologists.org/content/215/8/1331.abstract (humans, dogs, ferrets)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004418
Male and female MTS had a lower probability of developing lung cancer than did TS. This difference was statistically significant: chi2 = 71.61, p = .00003, with a correlation coefficient of 0.61, Z = 5.06, p < .05.
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1104848 (20-year longitudinal study)
Conclusion Occasional and low cumulative marijuana use was not associated with adverse effects on pulmonary function.
https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Awww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+asthma+cannabis
This is the nature of criminal activity, and is kind of a pointless statistic/dichotomy.
For example, it is a certainty that people spend far less on murder than we spend chasing, prosecuting, and imprisoning murderers. It costs a lot more to find, catch, prosecute, and imprison a burglar than the average street-value of their haul.
We don't criminalize raping and murdering children because of the transactional value of a murdered child, we criminalize it because we have collectively decided that we don't want to live in a world where such things are allowed to happen.
Cost/benefit arguments regarding the drug war are relevant and informative, but often miss the point: the problem with the drug war is not that it is expensive, but that it is morally wrong to ruin people's lives for nonviolent personal choices, and that it is socially destructive and counter-productive to criminalize common behaviors.
The problem with this kind of cost-benefit analysis is that it is irrelevant: it's not like the war on drugs would be okay if it were cheaper.
+1
The linked article ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States#Marijuana_Tax_Act_.281937.29 ) mentions:
But fails to mention:
Interestingly, there were no reputable evidence-based clinical studies; and no-one had anything to say about tobacco, coffee, or arsenic-based pesticides.
What information do you have that leads you to believe that that is the case?
What about parental NPD and/or BPD in re: developmental oxytocin?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave (variation by country)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave (variation by country)
X-post from http://www.reddit.com/r/psychology/comments/20xfv1/addictive_behaviors_such_as_drug_and_alcohol/ :
http://www.hhs.gov/od/about/fact_sheets/substanceabuse.html
- In some cases, the prevalence rates for substance abuse among persons with disabilities are very alarming. Substance abuse prevalence rates approach or exceed 50% for persons with traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, or mental illness. This is in striking contrast to 10% of the general population.
- Persons with spinal cord injuries, orthopedic disabilities, vision impairment, and amputations can be classified as heavy drinkers in approximately 40-50% of cases.
- Persons with disabilities experience substance abuse rates at 2 - 4 times that of the general population.
- Conditions such as deafness, arthritis, or multiple sclerosis have shown substance abuse rates of at least double the general population estimates.
- The major causes for disability in the U.S. are changing from medical to social and behaviorally-related conditions, increasingly involving complications such as substance abuse, violence, and poor mental health.
Do these studies control for existing disability and/or history of traumatic brain injury?
Do you have data to support that position?
There are a few studies with vaporization at a controlled temperature as route of administration.
For certain conditions (glaucoma, epilepsy, eating disorders, anxiety, Parkinson's, ...), the benefits of fast acting inhalation outweigh the costs (which may be reduced by regular ingestion and/or vaporization).
A fair comparison includes costs and benefits of alternatives and adverse side effects.
Do you have data to support that position?
http://www.hhs.gov/od/about/fact_sheets/substanceabuse.html
- In some cases, the prevalence rates for substance abuse among persons with disabilities are very alarming. Substance abuse prevalence rates approach or exceed 50% for persons with traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, or mental illness. This is in striking contrast to 10% of the general population.
- Persons with spinal cord injuries, orthopedic disabilities, vision impairment, and amputations can be classified as heavy drinkers in approximately 40-50% of cases.
- Persons with disabilities experience substance abuse rates at 2 - 4 times that of the general population.
- Conditions such as deafness, arthritis, or multiple sclerosis have shown substance abuse rates of at least double the general population estimates.
- The major causes for disability in the U.S. are changing from medical to social and behaviorally-related conditions, increasingly involving complications such as substance abuse, violence, and poor mental health.
Do these studies control for existing disability and/or history of traumatic brain injury?
Abstract:
Cannabinoids have been found to have antioxidant properties, unrelated to NMDA receptor antagonism. This new found property makes cannabinoids useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases, such as ischemic, age-related, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV dementia. Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids, such as cannabidoil, are particularly advantageous to use because they avoid toxicity that is encountered with psychoactive cannabinoids at high doses useful in the method of the present invention.
"Multiple Mechanistically Distinct Modes of Endocannabinoid Mobilization at Central Amygdala Glutamatergic Synapses"
Neuron, Volume 81, Issue 5, 1111-1125, 5 March 2014
http://www.cell.com/neuron/retrieve/pii/S0896627314000178?script=true
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), gang homicides accounted for roughly 8,900 of 11,100 gun murders in both 2010 and 2011 Gang violence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang#Gang_violence
.
In your qualified estimation, what is driving gun violence in this country?
Poverty, lack of quality employment, drug war and some other issues as well.
I think things like universal health care and investing in our infrastructure would help to start addressing the poverty issues.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win-win_strategy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%27s_Hierarchy_of_Disagreement
The author's usage of the term 'inelastic' is correct.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand
In general, the demand for a good is said to be inelastic (or relatively inelastic) when the PED is less than one (in absolute value): that is, changes in price have a relatively small effect on the quantity of the good demanded. The demand for a good is said to be elastic (or relatively elastic) when its PED is greater than one (in absolute value): that is, changes in price have a relatively large effect on the quantity of a good demanded. [emphasis added]
Revenue is maximized when price is set so that the PED is exactly one. The PED of a good can also be used to predict the incidence (or "burden") of a tax on that good. Various research methods are used to determine price elasticity, including test markets, analysis of historical sales data and conjoint analysis.
An elastic relation is a nonlinear relation (varying m: marginal point slope / first order derivative), suggesting that an equation of the form y = mx + b does not fit the observed variable response.
A "straight line" has a constant slope/derivative/**m**, potentially an offset, and zero unexplainable (unfitting) error/noise/deviation from a first degree linear model (fitting the form y = mx + b). That's an elasticity of 1; which, for purposes of inductive argument, is 'inelastic'.
first derivative = dy/dx = slope = elasticity = m = (% change in quantity / % change in price)
https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/elasticity-tutorial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_partial_differential_equation#Two-dimensional_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative#Differentiation_and_the_derivative
The wider problem is a lack of a solid mental health care system
That is a general problem in this country, but the mentally ill are not a driver of gun violence in this country.
In your qualified estimation, what is driving gun violence in this country?
I disagree that the demand curve for drugs is inelastic and that it is homogenous across drugs.
Do you present data to support that position?
There are legal alternatives to illegal drugs, such as alcohol. prescription medication or even recreational activities that would make the price more elastic.
SAMSA: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
A hypothetical root cause analysis might identify pre-existing mental health illnesses and diseases like depression (frequently caused by other types of abuse). Finding treatments with the least intolerable adverse effects and social externalities should be both a quantitative and qualitative exercise between patients and care providers.
Anecdotal reports indicate nothing about pre-existing conditions or epidemiological incidence rates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_good
Certainly tobacco consumption's decline can be highly correlated with the increase in price due to taxes.
Consumption decline and increase in price can both be highly correlated with knowledge about carcinogenicity.
Taking the drugs as an undifferentiated single market is highly problematic.
In what context? It's a field of alternatives with varying costs and benefits.
This is not to say that our current drug prohibition regime is not ill-advised -- it is. But we should acknowledge that legalization is not without its pitfalls either.
Absolutely. More people die from prescription and OTC drugs than illegal drugs.
These are not isolated events. Drug overdose death rates in the United States have more than tripled since 1990 and have never been higher. In 2008, more than 36,000 people died from drug overdoses, and most of these deaths were caused by prescription drugs
In 2007, approximately 27,000 unintentional drug overdose deaths occurred in the United States, one death every 19 minutes. Prescription drug abuse is the fastest growing drug problem in the United States.
OTC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol_toxicity#Epidemiology
An opiate user has limited demand for marijuana and vice versa.
What bearing does that have on an economic argument?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabichromene
Evidence has suggested that it may play a role in the anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects of cannabis, and may contribute to the overall analgesic effects of medical cannabis. However, more research into the compound may be needed before any definite medical effects can be verified.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid#Types
What seems rational? Honest and forthright conversation about how to find and critically analyze available sources of data, information, and wisdom [in searching for the safest, most effective treatments with the least adverse effects]
- Persons with any type of disability experience substance abuse at rates 2 to 4 times that of the general population.
- Substance abuse prevalence rates approach or exceed 50% for persons with traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, or mental illness.
I don't think the author believes legalization is a panacea, merely that it is far preferable to current policy.
+1
While alcohol prohibition did have its negatives, it did, indeed, cut down on the consumption of alcohol.
Alcohol prohibition did not reduce consumption of alcohol. Try searching for "alcohol consumption rate prohibition"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_(miniseries)
It describes how the consumption and effect of alcoholic beverages in the United States were connected to many different cultural forces including immigration, women's suffrage, and the income tax. Eventually the Temperance movement led to the passing of Prohibition, the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Widespread defiance of the law, uneven and unpopular enforcement, and violent crime associated with the illegal trade in alcohol caused increasing dissatisfaction with the amendment, eventually leading to its repeal thirteen years later.
http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/about/episode-guide/
Linear demand curve, "inelastic demand". wince
An inelastic demand curve is linear. An elastic demand curve is curved.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)
An elastic variable (or elasticity value greater than 1) is one which responds more than proportionally to changes in other variables. In contrast, an inelastic variable (or elasticity value less than 1) is one which changes less than proportionally in response to changes in other variables.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand
The four basic laws of supply and demand are:
- If demand increases (demand curve shifts to the right) and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.
- If demand decreases (demand curve shifts to the left) supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.
- If demand remains unchanged and supply increases (supply curve shifts to the right), a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.
- If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases (supply curve shifts to the left), a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.
What sort of pathology do you prefer to reconstruct? What additional categories do you propose?
Personal income tax brackets (1910-2010) as a heat map; adjusted for inflation:
http://visualizingeconomics.com/blog/2010/04/25/u-s-income-tax-brackets-1910-2010
http://www.datapointed.net/2010/04/historical-us-income-tax-brackets/
The horizontal axis is the tax year, and the vertical represents taxable income, log-scale, normalized to 2010 dollars with the Bureau Of Labor Statistics’ monthly CPI-U figures. The bracket data comes from The Tax Foundation and the IRS, and the effects of Social Security, capital gains, AMT, and other tax varieties are not included.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control#International_and_regional_civilian_firearm_regulation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gun_politics_by_country
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms (Aristotle)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_property
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research
https://www.google.com/search?q=gun+control+qualitative+policy
One way to apply an ordering to qualitative criteria (for sorting) is to define attributes and then add weighting:
http://www.google.com/publicdata/directory#!q=crime
World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report: "Business costs of crime and violence" http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=z6409butolt8la_&ctype=l&met_y=gci_1.14
http://www.google.com/publicdata/directory#!q=violence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice#Theories_of_sentencing
You're out of your element Donny.
Am I?
For starters studies are showing fat shaming actually leads to increased risk of gaining more weight.
Right but doesn't that apply to other addicts as well?
If we can view substance use/abuse/addiction as maladaptive coping mechanisms which reduce (or, in a few cases, prevent) the symptoms of physical and psychological trauma, no, verbal abuse isn't going to help addicts (people who have become physically and/or psychologically addicted to a substance and an accepting lifestyle).
Even when done 'correctly', operant conditioning can be counter-productive:
One interesting question to ask someone in substance abuse counseling is "what data can you point to which supports this approach"?
"Why shouldn't I be able to [<verb> <extreme sport>]?"
Is is possible that the shaming and/or caring responses are reinforcing the behavior?
US taxpayers:
Where do the profits which are being subsidized by the taxpayers go? Some people are made fantastically wealthy; most people take home an upper-middle class salary.
Other people are suffering and dying because the drugs which would help them - which are built upon lots of open access research also subsidized by the taxpayers through NIH - are priced far above margins in other industries (after development costs).
It is not a free market, as the consumer is not really making the purchasing decision.
It seems that based on some mice models of cannabis use, THC is anxiogenic, while CBD is anxiolytic. The former is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis and the latter aids in repressing neurotransmitter release. The ratio of THC and CBD most likely determines the effects of any given strain, along with the around 500 different chemicals found in cannabis. This article is on a CBD receptor not a THC receptor, which explains the relief of anxiety.
So why do journalists and policy-makers attempt to extrapolate from studies on intravenous THC administration in mice to "smoking cannabis" (which contains, among other things, THC, CBD, and CBG)?
Are there other conditions for which THC is beneficial?
That you use the word "surely" here very much affects the reproducibility of the data you are presenting which purports to disprove the research study in question.
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/aid.2013.0182
Our studies have demonstrated that chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration results in a generalized attenuation of viral load and tissue inflammation in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male rhesus macaques. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is an important site for HIV replication and inflammation that can impact disease progression. [...]
Our results indicate that chronic THC administration modulated duodenal T cell populations, favored a pro-Th2 cytokine balance, and decreased intestinal apoptosis. These findings reveal novel mechanisms that may potentially contribute to cannabinoid-mediated disease modulation.
Here's n-gram data from 1800 to 2008 showing the terms cannabis and marijuana: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=marijuana%2Ccannabis&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cmarijuana%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ccannabis%3B%2Cc0
Marijuana as a term was popularized by the propaganda campaigns started in the 1930s.
The word "canvas" comes from "cannabis" (like ships' sails and ropes, which were made from hemp at the time (before the invention of Nylon)) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas#Etymology
In the early 1970s, national and international drug control policies were pushed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS#History
AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.
Link to the journal article:
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/aid.2013.0182
This is an NIH / NIDA funded study.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#United_States_funding_agencies
"all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication"
"Recent research reveals that regular cannabis users have increased levels of impulsive behaviour"
How much sugar was in the placebo?
How did the results compare to alcohol?
What THC/CBD levels were in their preferred strains?
How did they select participants? Who volunteered?
This is not a correlation.
Is there a category error here?
It's called a quasi-experimental interrupted time series design with a control group; which is very, very different from a correlation and allows you to draw far more causal claims than any statistic can provide.
Thanks for this clarification.
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_mechanisms#Level_4:_Mature
Sublimation: Transformation of unhelpful emotions or instincts into healthy actions, behaviours, or emotions, for example, playing a heavy contact sport such as football or rugby can transform aggression into a game.
There seems to be considerable conceptual overlap?
I am looking for a web application service to generate comparative analyses of various treatment alternatives.
Sort of like OpenComparison, but with OpenFDA data. [1]
It sounds like the OpenFDA data will be a giant leap forward; but where can I find "prescription rates" (how often a particular treatment / therapy is provided)?
Is it still the case that we are operating with textual summations of lists of adverse effects?
In terms of personalized medicine, what type of factor analysis could determine root cause for why occurrence rates are what they are?
[1] http://open.fda.gov/blog/introducing-openfda/
[EDIT] Where is the distinction between due diligence and nocebo / placebo effect?
I am looking for a web application service to generate comparative analyses of various treatment alternatives.
Sort of like OpenComparison, but with OpenFDA data. [1]
It sounds like the OpenFDA data will be a giant leap forward; but where can I find "prescription rates" (how often a particular treatment / therapy is provided)?
Is it still the case that we are operating with textual summations of lists of adverse effects?
In terms of personalized medicine, what type of factor analysis could determine root cause for why occurrence rates are what they are?
[1] http://open.fda.gov/blog/introducing-openfda/
[EDIT] Where is the distinction between due diligence and nocebo / placebo effect?
Null Hypothesis: There is no link between traumatic brain injury and reaction time.
[...] a new study published in the the American Public Journal of Health claims that legalizing medical marijuana can reduce suicide rates by five percent among the general population and by as much as 10 percent among young male population.
Using the statistics of states in which marijuana is still illegal as the control group, the study’s authors concluded that in states with legal medical marijuana, the suicide rate for males aged 20-29 decreased 10.9 percent, and for men aged 30-39 they saw a decrease of 9.4 percent.
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612
The study is particularly interesting when looked at in conjunction with author Dr. Daniel I. Rees’ May 2013 study, published by the University of Chicago Press, which concluded that traffic fatalities decrease between eight and 11 percent in states where marijuana is legal, the first year after legalization.” It also stated that total beer consumption dropped five percent post-legalization and that traffic fatalities in which at least one driver had a positive blood alcohol content level lessened by 13.2 percent.
http://gatton.uky.edu/faculty/sandford/391_f13/marijuana.pdf
Are these studies valid? Why or why not?
Log of /u/is_this_valid and /u/is_this_valid2 comments: https://is-this-valid.github.io/